In Graham’s reading, ne þurfan is used to indicate, indirectly, the expected emotion that should arise from a given situation. However, Stephan Graham has argued that the phrase ne þurfan suggests that for the Anglo-Saxon’s emotions were “produced by social situations” (Graham 2015: 85). “Ne… herian þorfte” could be read as insisting that the opposite of praising (i.e. Whether that is the intent of the Beowulf poet is another matter. As it is possible that the two Hengests are the same, any positive reading of his character recovered in Beowulf would then reflect positively on the historic figure as well. See also Bede’s Ecclesiastical History of the English People (Colgrave and Mynors 1969: 52). The question of whether Hengest is the same Hengest who led the fifth-century invasion of Britain, according to Bede, is still unresolved (Fulk et al. Hengest appears in the fragment as a retainer to Hnæf and later emerges as the battle-field promoted leader of the Danes after Hnæf’s death in the Finn Episode in Beowulf. In the “Fight at Finnsburg,” a band of Danish warriors makes a desperate stand when attacked by the Frisian king Finn.
The fragmentary poem relates events that take place before the episode as it is found in Beowulf. The Finn Episode is related to the fragmentary “Fight at Finnsburg” poem (Fulk et al. Unless indicated otherwise, all translations into modern English are my own. All citations from Anglo-Saxon law codes and the Quadripartitus are from Libermann.
He is the recipient of the 2020 Audio Publishers Association Lifetime Achievement Award, the 2018 PEN America Literary Service Award, the 2014 National Medal of Arts, and the 2003 National Book Foundation Medal for Distinguished Contribution to American Letters. He lives in Bangor, Maine, with his wife, novelist Tabitha King.All citations of Beowulf are from Klaeber’s fourth (Fulk, Bjork, and Niles). His epic works The Dark Tower, It, Pet Sematary, Doctor Sleep, and Firestarter are the basis for major motion pictures, with It now the highest-grossing horror film of all time. His novel 11/22/63 was named a top ten book of 2011 by The New York Times Book Review and won the Los Angeles Times Book Prize for Mystery/Thriller. Mercedes (an Edgar Award winner for Best Novel and a television series streaming on Peacock). Stephen King is the author of more than sixty books, all of them worldwide bestsellers. His recent work includes Fairy Tale, Billy Summers, If It Bleeds, The Institute, Elevation, The Outsider, Sleeping Beauties (cowritten with his son Owen King), and the Bill Hodges trilogy: End of Watch, Finders Keepers, and Mr.
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